桌球與"鞭子"的相關性初探(認知篇) - 桌球

By Enid
at 2016-02-01T21:30
at 2016-02-01T21:30
Table of Contents
最近版上在討論"鞭子"相關話題,搜尋一下發現版上之前竟然幾乎沒有相關文章,
因此歸納了一些跟"鞭子"有關的資訊,希望對舊雨新知有幫助。
上高中後物理沒及格過...因此單純以"現象"說明(物理資訊截取參考資料附上)
桌球與鞭子相關的幾種說法:
1.揮拍的時候就把球拍像甩鞭子一樣甩出去
2.手臂的動作就像甩/揮鞭子的動作
3.打球時要用鞭打式發力/鞭甩式發力
版友貼文及網路上資料整理鞭擊式發力相關主題如圖:
http://i.imgur.com/XoGBpd4.jpg
對物理/運動生理學有研究的版友也請不吝發文分享~
其他關鍵字:肌肉收縮/拮抗,角動量,離心力,波,槓桿,慣性...等等。
名詞定義:
認知差異 = 你想的跟我想的不一樣
一、甩/揮鞭動作及鞭子運動
(一)甩/揮鞭動作
首先讓我們看一下甩/揮鞭子是怎麼一回事吧~
Bullwhip Break the Speed of Sound 音速をこえる鞭
https://youtu.be/U9HI2BpWkLM?t=2m22s
鞭の振り方 -Cattleman's Crack-林麗奈
https://youtu.be/WvAMdACJHf0?t=22s
由影片可看出甩/揮鞭動作過程:
持鞭手後引 > 持鞭手前揮出到定點 > 力量由手傳到鞭子上 > 力量從鞭頭傳到鞭尾
這個敘述是不是感到特別眼熟? 沒錯,就跟我們在說揮拍的手部動作一樣。
其實各種手持球杆/拍揮擊的動作基本上都是大同小異的。
(二)鞭子運動
鞭身運動軌跡(其一)
http://i.imgur.com/FNPj8Si.jpg
參照上面的鞭子的運動軌跡,可以看到鞭子是由固定端開始逐漸拉直的。
假如把鞭子分成很多小節,把每一節的運動放大來看,會是下圖的動作(a):
http://i.imgur.com/llSauhT.jpg
A=固定端, B=支點, C=自由端
紅色箭頭:揮/甩動的力,綠色箭頭:制動的力
受揮/動的力運動中的AB/BC,在支點B制動時BC的速度會增加。
因此重複這個運動,拉直成為固定端的部分增加,自由端的速度則越來越快,
甚至出現影片中的音爆(鞭尾速度超過音速)。#鞭尾加速效果
(也有如版友所提之能量向鞭尾集中的說明方式)
二、桌球及鞭擊相關性的認知
(一)綜合上述,可以歸納出甩/揮拍動作認知為甩/揮鞭子的動作大致有幾種:
1.手腕甩動球拍 <- 鞭尾加速甩動
2.小手臂甩動 <- 甩/揮鞭子的手臂動作
3.身體力量節節傳遞 <- 力量由鞭頭傳遞至鞭尾
說明:
1.鞭尾加速甩動
如果把手臂視作鞭身/手腕視作鞭尾,在某些情況下,
會將 "持拍手的瞬間加速" 認知為鞭尾加速效果
首先要區分一下手腕動作方向
http://i.imgur.com/U14cGTJ.jpg
在手背朝向自己,手心朝前的狀態
借用版友的用詞"抖"來形容"左右"的動作;用"甩"形容向"前後"的動作
(1)羽球的手腕動作
要講"甩"的動作就要提到羽球了,羽球常使用的揮拍便是"甩"的動作,
由於可動幅度大,因此應有鞭尾加速效果及認知。
http://i.imgur.com/u3pHGGU.jpg
(2)桌球的手腕動作
桌球(正手)當中瞬間摩擦球基本上是用"抖"的模式,
而手腕在"抖"的動作時因為可動幅度很小,再加上手部肌肉也會出力,
因此鞭尾加速效果不明確。
易產生認知上的差異
(反手則因較多變化無法論定,大部分的情況下有"甩"的認知。)
2.甩/揮鞭子的手臂動作
(1)高爾夫球的手臂動作
高爾夫球揮杆與影片中揮鞭子手部動作最相似
(小手臂伸直,球桿與鞭柄都是揮到前臂延長線上),
再加上高爾夫球桿本身的形變的特性,因此"甩/揮鞭"概念較普遍性地被認知。
http://i.imgur.com/p2hAwf2.jpg
(2)桌球的手臂動作
正手拉球小手臂向內收,與甩/揮鞭子方向相反,較有認知上的差異。
反手拉球小手臂向外展,與甩/揮鞭子方向相同,較無認知上的差異。
3.力量由鞭頭傳遞至鞭尾
身體力量的傳遞頗為複雜,為什麼會跟鞭子運動有關?
不論是運動或武術當中,皆有力量由腳接地而生的概念,
人受重力約束在地上,一定有一邊是固定端一邊是自由端,由腳向上力量節節傳遞
(固定端) 腳踩/蹬地 -> 腰胯(髖部) -> 肩背 -> 手臂 (自由端)
對多數人而言,這過程跟鞭子很難聯想在一起。因此也較易產生認知上的差異。
(二)小結:
看看這個模型(a):
http://i.imgur.com/3w2F81c.jpg
A,B節同時向藍箭頭方向運動。
A節以紅箭頭方向的力停止,則B節以b為支點像藍箭頭方向加速運動。
假如將a視為肩關節;b視為肘關節,則A為大臂,B為小臂,
這就是大家熟悉的正手拉球時收小臂的動作。
綜合
一方面這個動作與鞭擊的甩/揮臂動作雷同(方向相反),
模型也與前面"鞭尾加速效果"的模型相似;
另一方面,因為身體各部分肌肉作用,以及手腕可動範圍的限制,
因此很難把 揮/甩臂的力量傳遞 跟 鞭尾加速效果 劃上等號,
因此這邊也會產生認知上的差異。
三、支點/固定端的概念
鞭子運動跟人體運動雖然有很多相異之處,卻都有一個共同點:支點
要作鞭子運動一定要有一個固定端,隨著這個固定端前移自由端也逐漸加速,
桌球運動中包括之前版友提到"頓一下"及莊則棟的制動(加速)概念,
以及王吉生:『擊球瞬間身體有剎那間的"停頓"成為穩定支點...(中略)
近台球瞬間支點在肘關節,離台球瞬間支點在髖關節。』...等,
同樣都是在講發力/加速,也同樣的在找一個“支點”。
甩/揮臂時支點的位置
參考一下這幾張甩/揮鞭動作的圖:
1.支點=手腕
http://pds.exblog.jp/pds/1/201203/08/42/d0088142_064243.jpg

http://pds.exblog.jp/pds/1/201203/08/42/d0088142_065567.jpg

http://pds.exblog.jp/pds/1/201203/08/42/d0088142_071064.jpg

http://pds.exblog.jp/pds/1/201203/08/42/d0088142_07212.jpg

由這幾張圖可看出一樣是甩/揮鞭動作,都是甩/揮到肩膀高度(假想標的的高度),
竟然可以用四種不同的部位作為支點,也產生不同發力方式,
因為甩/揮臂長度改變、各部位參與運動的肌肉不同,
因此產生的力量、速度也將隨之改變,相對應的控制力、還原時間也會不同。
回來想想桌球,拉球的加轉、前衝及扣高球,正是不同支點的甩/揮臂運動。
支點越接近自由端時動作的距離短/速度快,因此就越會產生"甩"的認知,
前面版友提出"頓"的感覺也越明顯。
反過來想,只有拉加轉的時候才是頓、才是甩嗎?
從支點的角度來看的話,相信大家心中都有答案。
四、常見問題
1.甩/揮鞭vs甩手腕
前面有版友提到『因為使用"鞭打/鞭甩式發力"擊球時手腕要放鬆,
造成拍子撞歪進而使擊球不穩定,所以不建議打桌球時甩手腕。』為例。
(1) "手腕放鬆" 的問題
有看完上述文章內容應該知道:
桌球正手拉球小手臂內收,這個方向手腕可動範圍小因此鞭尾加速效果不明確。
這時不妨想一下甩/揮鞭子的時後,手要甩/揮出的瞬間手腕是用力的(作為支點),
同樣的在擊球瞬間,手腕要用力才能把手臂的力量傳到球上。
(放鬆的情況下即便是羽球拍也會被撞歪的)
(2)拍子 "撞歪" 的問題
可以參考唐建軍所提“球打拍,拍打球”的概念,應該是屬於擊球時間點的問題。
(3)打桌球時甩手腕的問題
這個問題有個前提,"甩手腕"是什麼?是"順勢用力"還是"刻意去動?
這可以說是協調性的問題。
如果全身發力都很順暢、協調,也有能力控制的話。那就跟身體其他關節一樣,
手指手腕也是發力的一個環節,必定也是『鬆而不弛,緊而不僵』,
全身沒有一個關節應該是固定死的。
武術裡有個概念『節節分開,節節貫穿』
節節分開指要能控制身體各部位、個別發力,
節節貫穿則是在說把全身各部位的發力做結合。
https://youtu.be/ktjsyYf2NYM?t=37s
一個是由淺入深的概念,一個是表示各種程度的身體運用方式皆有不同。
偶有版友提出重心、轉腰、甩腕等等敘述的是非判斷,或是在網路上看到,
而在沒有明確的時空背景之下這種判斷其實是非常武斷的,
要知道這個方法的“目的為何”才能去判斷這個方法“合不合適”。
有時候無論是影片或是現場,我們因為看了示範就下了判斷,
我們沒看到的不代表那個運動員沒有做。
2.鞭子vs桌球
桌球是來回時間非常短暫也非常注重動作還原的運動,
因此這個甩/揮臂的動作有發力、有加速、有控制也有還原在裡面。
甩/揮鞭也是一個複合性的概念,對於鞭打/鞭甩式發力的認知每個人都不盡相同,
鞭打/鞭甩式是在說甩/揮鞭的手腕/手臂的動作還是鞭身的運動?
鞭打/鞭甩式發力不是一個普遍性的認知、也沒有一個名詞定義,
因此我們在使用的只是一種比喻方式。
再考慮到肌肉/韌帶的作用,相信要把人的身體以一條鞭子形容會有很大的障礙吧!
因此在使用類型比喻方式的時候,恐怕應該先把名詞定義清楚才行。
參考資料:
Whip waves,Tyler McMillen,Alain Goriely:2003
http://mathfaculty.fullerton.edu/tmcmillen/papers/WhipWaves2003.pdf
棒球揮棒動作II型 - 技術
http://www.geocities.jp/tokyomarlin/bcolumn3.html#ab5
バイオメカニクス・ノート - 末端の加速(2)
http://www.geocities.jp/tokyomarlin/bm5.html
王吉生談乒乓球技術
http://wap.happypingpang.com/news/view/13441
莊則棟"加速制動"技術的力學原理
http://tinyurl.com/z59bl4h
逆三角形で飛ばす!プロギア 「iD nabla(ナブラ)」 誕生!
http://shop.plaza.rakuten.co.jp/nankai-golf/diary/detail/201208150000
槓桿原理
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/杠杆
『私とムチとフォーム誕生秘話』
http://kinoramu.exblog.jp/15541234
『乒乓找教練』拉球要"鞭打"嗎?鞭打是什麼感覺?
http://www.360doc.com/content/15/1121/17/5725754_514804284.shtml
其他與鞭子相關關鍵字詞
揮鞭症候群/甩鞭效應:車輛碰撞時因頭部晃動引起乘坐者頸椎受到傷害
鞭梢效應:地震時大樓頂部搖晃較大
鞭打效應:球拍本身形變/結構影響球速
<寫在後面>
馬凱旋:
『乒乓球的教學,如果用純文字講解,很容易說一漏萬。
“鞭打”其實是一種教學上的表述技巧。要結合實際教學和自己面臨的問題..(略)』
對運動來說文字敘述真的非常抽象,也不見得看越多懂的就越多...影片亦然。
在網路上傳達資訊這也是一個瓶頸,但我們也希望看到其他人的分享。
有些大家熱烈討(爭)論的議題,建議就不定期辦個版聚吧!(無誤)
紙上談兵只會談到天荒地老,實地操演就立見真章了。
--
Tags:
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at 2016-08-07T21:27

By Valerie
at 2016-08-11T17:10
at 2016-08-11T17:10

By Valerie
at 2016-08-14T01:13
at 2016-08-14T01:13

By Franklin
at 2016-08-14T13:53
at 2016-08-14T13:53

By James
at 2016-08-18T21:05
at 2016-08-18T21:05

By Irma
at 2016-08-19T21:46
at 2016-08-19T21:46

By Linda
at 2016-08-22T18:58
at 2016-08-22T18:58

By Freda
at 2016-08-23T20:42
at 2016-08-23T20:42

By Agatha
at 2016-08-24T13:15
at 2016-08-24T13:15

By Rosalind
at 2016-08-27T08:28
at 2016-08-27T08:28

By Victoria
at 2016-08-28T10:33
at 2016-08-28T10:33

By Andy
at 2016-08-30T17:05
at 2016-08-30T17:05

By Liam
at 2016-09-02T07:26
at 2016-09-02T07:26

By Carolina Franco
at 2016-09-07T03:07
at 2016-09-07T03:07

By Bethany
at 2016-09-11T21:02
at 2016-09-11T21:02

By Annie
at 2016-09-12T08:18
at 2016-09-12T08:18

By Catherine
at 2016-09-13T00:52
at 2016-09-13T00:52

By Victoria
at 2016-09-17T05:33
at 2016-09-17T05:33

By Donna
at 2016-09-21T07:32
at 2016-09-21T07:32

By Elma
at 2016-09-23T16:08
at 2016-09-23T16:08

By Isla
at 2016-09-27T02:05
at 2016-09-27T02:05

By Zenobia
at 2016-09-28T15:25
at 2016-09-28T15:25

By Charlotte
at 2016-09-30T12:57
at 2016-09-30T12:57

By Andrew
at 2016-10-01T12:38
at 2016-10-01T12:38

By Puput
at 2016-10-04T15:05
at 2016-10-04T15:05

By Oliver
at 2016-10-07T22:36
at 2016-10-07T22:36

By Jacky
at 2016-10-12T06:27
at 2016-10-12T06:27

By Necoo
at 2016-10-14T23:28
at 2016-10-14T23:28

By Rae
at 2016-10-19T22:33
at 2016-10-19T22:33

By Daph Bay
at 2016-10-22T09:02
at 2016-10-22T09:02

By Charlie
at 2016-10-25T11:43
at 2016-10-25T11:43

By Victoria
at 2016-10-29T21:14
at 2016-10-29T21:14

By Carol
at 2016-10-31T03:20
at 2016-10-31T03:20

By Blanche
at 2016-11-02T21:29
at 2016-11-02T21:29

By Catherine
at 2016-11-07T04:19
at 2016-11-07T04:19

By Donna
at 2016-11-11T06:28
at 2016-11-11T06:28

By Vanessa
at 2016-11-13T07:47
at 2016-11-13T07:47

By Donna
at 2016-11-13T19:55
at 2016-11-13T19:55

By Noah
at 2016-11-17T18:47
at 2016-11-17T18:47

By Michael
at 2016-11-20T06:14
at 2016-11-20T06:14

By Rae
at 2016-11-24T09:54
at 2016-11-24T09:54

By Bennie
at 2016-11-27T19:36
at 2016-11-27T19:36

By Elvira
at 2016-11-30T20:16
at 2016-11-30T20:16

By Suhail Hany
at 2016-12-03T16:51
at 2016-12-03T16:51

By Ophelia
at 2016-12-05T05:04
at 2016-12-05T05:04

By William
at 2016-12-09T20:35
at 2016-12-09T20:35

By Belly
at 2016-12-11T01:15
at 2016-12-11T01:15

By Jacob
at 2016-12-12T05:47
at 2016-12-12T05:47

By William
at 2016-12-13T08:59
at 2016-12-13T08:59

By Hardy
at 2016-12-16T19:22
at 2016-12-16T19:22

By Doris
at 2016-12-20T17:34
at 2016-12-20T17:34

By Olive
at 2016-12-25T09:29
at 2016-12-25T09:29

By Kyle
at 2016-12-29T18:43
at 2016-12-29T18:43

By Erin
at 2017-01-01T05:20
at 2017-01-01T05:20

By Catherine
at 2017-01-06T01:28
at 2017-01-06T01:28

By Kumar
at 2017-01-08T15:45
at 2017-01-08T15:45

By Olivia
at 2017-01-08T22:31
at 2017-01-08T22:31

By Jacky
at 2017-01-12T08:53
at 2017-01-12T08:53

By Queena
at 2017-01-14T02:18
at 2017-01-14T02:18

By Anthony
at 2017-01-15T04:18
at 2017-01-15T04:18

By Kama
at 2017-01-18T23:13
at 2017-01-18T23:13

By Heather
at 2017-01-23T09:13
at 2017-01-23T09:13

By Elizabeth
at 2017-01-25T02:43
at 2017-01-25T02:43

By Connor
at 2017-01-28T02:36
at 2017-01-28T02:36

By Olivia
at 2017-01-28T12:47
at 2017-01-28T12:47

By Madame
at 2017-01-31T18:58
at 2017-01-31T18:58

By Quintina
at 2017-02-01T02:05
at 2017-02-01T02:05

By Agatha
at 2017-02-04T05:03
at 2017-02-04T05:03

By Emma
at 2017-02-06T00:36
at 2017-02-06T00:36

By Quintina
at 2017-02-10T09:41
at 2017-02-10T09:41

By Joseph
at 2017-02-10T16:11
at 2017-02-10T16:11

By Poppy
at 2017-02-14T23:09
at 2017-02-14T23:09

By Todd Johnson
at 2017-02-19T17:05
at 2017-02-19T17:05

By Margaret
at 2017-02-20T18:17
at 2017-02-20T18:17

By Tracy
at 2017-02-22T08:00
at 2017-02-22T08:00

By Margaret
at 2017-02-24T21:13
at 2017-02-24T21:13

By Connor
at 2017-02-26T12:25
at 2017-02-26T12:25

By Queena
at 2017-02-28T08:51
at 2017-02-28T08:51

By Kristin
at 2017-02-28T20:04
at 2017-02-28T20:04

By Enid
at 2017-03-04T00:01
at 2017-03-04T00:01

By Irma
at 2017-03-08T11:15
at 2017-03-08T11:15

By Ophelia
at 2017-03-12T06:56
at 2017-03-12T06:56

By Rae
at 2017-03-13T19:16
at 2017-03-13T19:16

By Linda
at 2017-03-18T05:01
at 2017-03-18T05:01

By Bennie
at 2017-03-22T06:41
at 2017-03-22T06:41

By Daniel
at 2017-03-25T13:07
at 2017-03-25T13:07

By Sierra Rose
at 2017-03-26T08:01
at 2017-03-26T08:01

By Franklin
at 2017-03-28T10:46
at 2017-03-28T10:46

By Annie
at 2017-03-31T10:07
at 2017-03-31T10:07

By Anthony
at 2017-04-01T18:57
at 2017-04-01T18:57

By Gilbert
at 2017-04-05T19:01
at 2017-04-05T19:01

By Hedda
at 2017-04-09T07:05
at 2017-04-09T07:05

By Barb Cronin
at 2017-04-11T08:12
at 2017-04-11T08:12

By Kumar
at 2017-04-15T16:44
at 2017-04-15T16:44

By Erin
at 2017-04-20T01:25
at 2017-04-20T01:25

By Rebecca
at 2017-04-21T18:45
at 2017-04-21T18:45

By Gilbert
at 2017-04-22T22:27
at 2017-04-22T22:27

By Dinah
at 2017-04-26T04:20
at 2017-04-26T04:20

By Daniel
at 2017-04-28T06:18
at 2017-04-28T06:18

By Heather
at 2017-04-30T18:07
at 2017-04-30T18:07

By Madame
at 2017-05-01T20:29
at 2017-05-01T20:29

By Bethany
at 2017-05-02T14:38
at 2017-05-02T14:38

By Vanessa
at 2017-05-05T13:18
at 2017-05-05T13:18

By Mary
at 2017-05-06T14:59
at 2017-05-06T14:59

By Olga
at 2017-05-10T02:46
at 2017-05-10T02:46

By Bethany
at 2017-05-14T18:41
at 2017-05-14T18:41

By Queena
at 2017-05-16T08:44
at 2017-05-16T08:44

By Edward Lewis
at 2017-05-20T23:34
at 2017-05-20T23:34

By Erin
at 2017-05-21T00:57
at 2017-05-21T00:57

By Gilbert
at 2017-05-23T14:05
at 2017-05-23T14:05

By Oliver
at 2017-05-25T00:02
at 2017-05-25T00:02

By Aaliyah
at 2017-05-26T13:40
at 2017-05-26T13:40

By Robert
at 2017-05-29T01:48
at 2017-05-29T01:48

By Caitlin
at 2017-06-02T12:01
at 2017-06-02T12:01

By Lydia
at 2017-06-04T06:29
at 2017-06-04T06:29

By Candice
at 2017-06-06T12:09
at 2017-06-06T12:09

By Candice
at 2017-06-09T01:07
at 2017-06-09T01:07

By Aaliyah
at 2017-06-13T14:55
at 2017-06-13T14:55

By Jacob
at 2017-06-18T07:20
at 2017-06-18T07:20

By Jacob
at 2017-06-21T19:09
at 2017-06-21T19:09

By Tom
at 2017-06-26T11:13
at 2017-06-26T11:13

By Michael
at 2017-06-26T13:01
at 2017-06-26T13:01

By Genevieve
at 2017-06-28T04:37
at 2017-06-28T04:37

By Blanche
at 2017-06-29T07:11
at 2017-06-29T07:11

By Elma
at 2017-07-02T04:43
at 2017-07-02T04:43

By Oscar
at 2017-07-05T16:13
at 2017-07-05T16:13

By Tom
at 2017-07-07T17:59
at 2017-07-07T17:59

By Joe
at 2017-07-09T07:45
at 2017-07-09T07:45

By Odelette
at 2017-07-10T09:43
at 2017-07-10T09:43

By Emma
at 2017-07-10T19:27
at 2017-07-10T19:27

By Hedda
at 2017-07-12T05:58
at 2017-07-12T05:58

By Yuri
at 2017-07-13T01:00
at 2017-07-13T01:00

By Caitlin
at 2017-07-17T04:20
at 2017-07-17T04:20

By Hedda
at 2017-07-21T16:56
at 2017-07-21T16:56

By Yuri
at 2017-07-23T05:30
at 2017-07-23T05:30

By Enid
at 2017-07-25T00:05
at 2017-07-25T00:05

By Daniel
at 2017-07-26T01:30
at 2017-07-26T01:30

By Elizabeth
at 2017-07-28T07:01
at 2017-07-28T07:01

By Jessica
at 2017-07-30T21:14
at 2017-07-30T21:14

By Edward Lewis
at 2017-08-03T20:26
at 2017-08-03T20:26

By Steve
at 2017-08-06T18:59
at 2017-08-06T18:59

By Olivia
at 2017-08-10T07:21
at 2017-08-10T07:21

By Poppy
at 2017-08-11T17:20
at 2017-08-11T17:20

By Audriana
at 2017-08-16T05:20
at 2017-08-16T05:20

By Daniel
at 2017-08-17T12:25
at 2017-08-17T12:25

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at 2017-08-18T16:43
at 2017-08-18T16:43

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at 2017-08-21T08:54
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at 2017-08-25T11:16
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at 2017-08-27T09:35
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at 2017-08-30T06:54
at 2017-08-30T06:54

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at 2017-09-02T16:15
at 2017-09-02T16:15

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at 2017-09-03T05:11
at 2017-09-03T05:11

By Edwina
at 2017-09-03T11:00
at 2017-09-03T11:00

By Ivy
at 2017-09-05T20:55
at 2017-09-05T20:55

By Hedy
at 2017-09-07T14:20
at 2017-09-07T14:20

By Andrew
at 2017-09-12T03:05
at 2017-09-12T03:05

By Jacky
at 2017-09-16T17:48
at 2017-09-16T17:48

By Ingrid
at 2017-09-19T15:18
at 2017-09-19T15:18

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at 2017-09-21T08:46
at 2017-09-21T08:46

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at 2017-09-24T09:43
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at 2017-09-28T12:59
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at 2017-09-30T20:32
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at 2017-10-05T13:20
at 2017-10-05T13:20

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at 2017-10-10T12:16
at 2017-10-10T12:16

By Kumar
at 2017-10-11T10:46
at 2017-10-11T10:46

By Tristan Cohan
at 2017-10-15T21:47
at 2017-10-15T21:47

By Daniel
at 2017-10-17T20:15
at 2017-10-17T20:15

By Brianna
at 2017-10-19T07:10
at 2017-10-19T07:10

By Annie
at 2017-10-22T09:40
at 2017-10-22T09:40

By Brianna
at 2017-10-22T10:52
at 2017-10-22T10:52

By Kyle
at 2017-10-27T10:43
at 2017-10-27T10:43

By Sarah
at 2017-10-30T18:00
at 2017-10-30T18:00

By Sandy
at 2017-10-31T17:47
at 2017-10-31T17:47

By Oscar
at 2017-11-03T00:06
at 2017-11-03T00:06

By Zenobia
at 2017-11-03T16:47
at 2017-11-03T16:47

By Andrew
at 2017-11-08T08:04
at 2017-11-08T08:04

By Skylar DavisLinda
at 2017-11-10T20:10
at 2017-11-10T20:10

By Damian
at 2017-11-11T06:39
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at 2017-11-14T23:48
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By Ursula
at 2017-11-17T19:36
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By Emily
at 2017-11-19T15:20
at 2017-11-19T15:20

By Madame
at 2017-11-21T07:26
at 2017-11-21T07:26

By Susan
at 2017-11-22T01:40
at 2017-11-22T01:40

By Charlie
at 2017-11-26T01:03
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By Doris
at 2017-11-26T02:34
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at 2017-11-30T08:33
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at 2017-12-03T11:48
at 2017-12-03T11:48

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at 2017-12-05T21:03
at 2017-12-05T21:03

By Kelly
at 2017-12-08T15:26
at 2017-12-08T15:26

By Michael
at 2017-12-09T22:33
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at 2017-12-12T09:25
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By Callum
at 2017-12-16T14:20
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at 2017-12-19T09:59
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at 2017-12-24T02:20
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